|
Malé |
City |
Official languages | Dhivehi & English |
Area | 11 km² |
Population | 227486 |
City flower | NA |
Time zone | UTC+5:00 (MST) |
Sovereign state | Republic of Maldives |
Malé
Malé (/ˈmɑːleɪ/, Dhivehi: މާލެ) is the capital and most populous city in the
Republic of Maldives. With a population of 227,486
[3] and an area of 8.30 square kilometres (3.20 sq mi), it is also one of the most densely populated cities in the world.
[4][5] The city is geographically located at the southern edge of North Malé Atoll (Kaafu Atoll).
[6] Administratively, the city consists of a central island, an airport island, and four other islands governed by the Malé City Council.
Traditionally it was the King's Island, from where the ancient royal dynasties ruled and where the palace was located. The city was then called Mahal.
[7] Formerly it was a walled city surrounded by fortifications and gates (doroshi). The Royal Palace (Gan'duvaru) was destroyed along with the picturesque forts (koshi) and bastions (buruzu) when the city was remodelled under President Ibrahim Nasir's rule in the aftermath of the abolition of the monarchy in 1968. However, the Malé Friday Mosque remains. In recent years, the island has been considerably expanded through land-filling operations. Over the years, Malé has been the center of political protests and milestone events.
Overview
Although Malé is geographically located in Kaafu Atoll, administratively it is not considered part of it. The central part of the city is formed by the island of Malé. Five more islands form part of the city which includes Hulhulé, Hulhumalé, Vilimalé, Gulhifalhu and Thilafushi. A commercial harbour is located on the central island and serves as the heart of all commercial activities in the country. Velana International Airport is Located in the Island of Hulhulé.
[8]
The central island is heavily urbanised, with the built-up area taking up essentially its entire landmass.
[8] Slightly less than one third of the nation's population lives in the capital city, and the population has increased from 20,000 people in 1987 to 100,000 people in 2006. Many Maldivians and foreign workers living in other parts of the country find themselves in occasional short term residence on the island since it is the centre of administration and bureaucracy.
History
The whole island group, the Maldives, is named after its capital. The word "Maldives" means "the islands (dives) of Malé".
[9]
The first settlers in the Maldivian islands were Dravidian people
[10] who arrived from the neighboring shores of the modern Indian Subcontinent and coastal Ceylon. Comparative studies of Maldivian linguistic, oral, and other cultural traditions, in addition to folklore, point to a strong Dravidian influence on Maldivian society, centered in Malé, from ancient times. The Giraavaru people of Giraavaru claim descent from the first Tamil settlers of the Maldives.
[11]
It is said that early Tamil settlers called the islands Malaitivu, which means Garland Islands or Chain Islands. According to regional lore, Giraavaru fishermen used to go regularly to a certain large sandbank (finolhu) at the southern end of their atoll to clean tuna fish after a good catch. Owing to the large amount of tuna fish offal and blood, the waters around that sandbank looked like a big pool of blood ("maa ley gandeh": "maa" (from the Sanskrit मह "maha", meaning big, and "lē" blood). Traditionally the first inhabitants of the Maldives, which include the Giravaru people, didn't have kings. They lived in a simple society and were ruled by local headmen.
However, one day, a prince from the subcontinent called Koimala arrived in the Malé Atoll sailing from the North on a big ship. The people of Giraavaru spotted his vessel from afar and welcomed him. They allowed Prince Koimala to settle on that large sandbank in the midst of the waters tainted with fish blood. Trees were planted on the sandbank and it is said that the first tree that grew on it was the papaya tree. (However, this could refer to any tree that bears edible fruit as the archaic Dhivehi word, and Mahal word in modern times, for fruit (falhoa) was the same as that for the papaya.
[12]) As time went by, the local islanders accepted the rule of this Northern Prince. A palace was built and the island was formally named Maa-le (Malé), while the nearest island was named Hulhu-le.
The names of the main four wards or divisions of Malé Island are said to have been given by the original Giraavaru fishermen: Maafannu from maa (big) and fannu (a place where a village path meets the sea), Henveiru from en-beyru (out where fishermen got their bait), Galolhu from galu-olhu (stone groove) and, Macchangolhi from mathi-angolhi (windward path-fork).
In early foreign sources, Malé was called Ambria or Mahl. For the Maldivians, it was Fura Malé, i.e. "Malé the Pre-Eminent".
[13]
When Ibn Battuta traveled to Malé in 1343, he provided a rather extensive description of the city as well as the Islands of the Maldives overall. He mentioned that the Queen, Rehendhi Khadeeja, had a residence in Malé, which from its description may be assimilated to the same palace of the later sultan rulers, in the centre of the island. Within the palace compounds, several pits contained stores of cowrie shells, ready to be traded. Ibn Battuta also mentioned several mosques, built in wood.
[13]
Malé was fortified in the 17th century by the sultan Muhammad Imaduddin, who built walls on the north, east and west side of the island. An inner harbour was used by fishing vessels and small dhonis, while larger vessels had to anchor in the outer harbour, between the islands of Vilingili and Hulhule. The island covered less than one square mile in size, and was surrounded by a shallow lagoon.
[13]
Malé had 2,148 inhabitants in 1888, but population growth soon led to the search for new spaces for housing. The old forts and decrepit walls were dismantled in 1925–1927 under the reign of Muhammad Shamsuddeen III, to be rebuilt on a smaller scale. Roads were also widened and straightened. Former large cemeteries had also been cleared out, to achieve more housing space.
The Royal Palace (Gan'duvaru) was destroyed along with the picturesque forts (koshi) and bastions (buruzu) when the city was remodelled under President Ibrahim Nasir's rule in the aftermath of the abolition of the monarchy in 1968. Only the National Museum building, residence of the last sultan, as well as the Malé Friday Mosque, remain. Malé's residents soon grew to 11,453 by 1967 and 29,522 by 1977. In order to cater for the growing population, by 1986 the shallow lagoon around Malé was reclaimed.
[13]
The most revered place in Malé is the Medhu Ziyaaraiy, across the street from the Malé Friday Mosque: the tomb of Abu al-Barakat Yusuf al-Barbari, considered to have converted the Maldives to Islam in 1153.
Geography
Climate
Malé has a tropical monsoon climate under the Köppen climate classification. The city features a mix of both wet and dry seasons, with the wet season lasting from April through January and the drier season covering the months of February and March. Unlike a number of cities with this climate, Malé experiences relatively consistent temperatures throughout the course of the year, with an average high of 30 °C or 86 °F and an average low of 26.5 °C or 79.7 °F, which is equivalent to many equatorial cities' average year round daily mean. The city averages slightly more than 1,900 millimetres or 75 inches of precipitation annually. The temperature is constantly high year round due in part to the Maldives having the lowest median elevation anywhere in the world.
Subdivisions
The city is divided into six divisions, four of which are on Malé Island: Henveiru, Galolhu, Maafannu and Macchangolhi. The nearby island of Vilingili, formerly a tourist resort and prior to that a prison, is the fifth division (Vilimalé). The sixth division is Hulhumalé, an artificial island settled since 2004. In addition, the airport Island Hulhulé is part of the city. Plans have been made to develop the Gulhifalhu reef, implementation began in 2008.
[16][17][18]
The island of Malé is the eighth most densely populated island in the world, and it is the 160th most populous island in the world. Since there is no surrounding countryside, all infrastructure has to be located in the city itself. Water is provided from desalinated ground water; the water works pumps brackish water from 50–60 m (160–200 ft) deep wells in the city and desalinates that using reverse osmosis.
[19] Electric power is generated in the city using diesel generators.
[20] Sewage is pumped unprocessed into the sea.
[19] Solid waste is transported to nearby islands, where it is used to fill in lagoons. The airport was built in this way, and currently the Thilafushi lagoon is being filled in.
[21][22]
Many government buildings and agencies are located on the waterfront. Velana International Airport is on adjacent Hulhulé Island which includes a seaplane base for internal transportation. Several land reclamation projects have expanded the harbour.
Economy
Tourism is the largest industry in the Maldives, accounting for 28% of GDP and more than 60% of the Maldives' foreign exchange receipts. The GDP per capita expanded by 265% in the 1980s and a further 115% in the 1990s. Over 90% of government tax revenue comes from import duties and tourism-related taxes. Malé, the capital, has many tourist attractions and nearby resorts. Maldivian, the airline of the Maldives, has its head office in Malé,
[23] as does the airline FlyMe.
[24]
The central harbour and port of the Maldives is located in Malé, the centre for all commercial activities. The Maldives Transport & Contracting Company is formed in 1980 to contribute towards the development of infrastructure and transport service in the Maldives. The port is part of the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road that runs from the Chinese coast via the Suez Canal to the Mediterranean, there to the Upper Adriatic region with its rail connections to Central and Eastern Europe.
[25][26][27]
Transport
Road
Each of the islands of Malé is served by a dense network of paved roads, which are named magu (road or street), hingun and goalhi (small road or alley). Road traffic is heavy, especially on Malé Island.
Malé and Hulhulé Island are linked by the Sinamalé Bridge, which was opened to traffic in October 2018, while Hulhulé and Hulhumalé are linked via a causeway, thus allowing the road networks of the three islands to be connected. Public transport consists of several bus lines within the islands, as well as connecting the three islands.
Air
Velana International Airport is located on nearby Hulhulé and is the city's airport as well as the principal airport in Maldives. With the opening of the Sinamalé Bridge, the airport is now accessible from Malé by road. Prior to the opening of the bridge, transport between the airport and Malé was by a frequent ferry service. Hulhulé and Hulhumalé have been connected via a causeway since the development of Hulhumalé, allowing the airport to be accessed by road from the latter.
Inter-island transport
As Malé, Hulhulé and Hulhumalé are now linked by roads, inter-island travel between the three islands can be done by road. For the other islands, inter-island transport is by ferry.
City Council
Malé City Council is the local government body responsible for the governance of the city of Malé. The council was created in 2011, with the enactment of the Decentralization Bill. The city is divided into 11 political wards each with one councillor. The majority of councillors elected in the country's second local council elections in 2014 was from the Maldivian Democratic Party.
References
1.
John Doe, the 1th Encyclopedia Part 1 - Edition 2. 1 Publishing House, 1901.2.
John Doe, the 2th Encyclopedia Part 2 - Edition 3. 2 Publishing House, 1902.3.
John Doe, the 3th Encyclopedia Part 3 - Edition 1. 3 Publishing House, 1903.4.
John Doe, the 4th Encyclopedia Part 4 - Edition 2. 4 Publishing House, 1904.5.
John Doe, the 5th Encyclopedia Part 5 - Edition 3. 5 Publishing House, 1905.6.
John Doe, the 6th Encyclopedia Part 6 - Edition 1. 6 Publishing House, 1906.7.
John Doe, the 7th Encyclopedia Part 7 - Edition 2. 7 Publishing House, 1907.8.
John Doe, the 8th Encyclopedia Part 8 - Edition 3. 8 Publishing House, 1908.9.
John Doe, the 9th Encyclopedia Part 9 - Edition 1. 9 Publishing House, 1909.10.
John Doe, the 10th Encyclopedia Part 10 - Edition 2. 10 Publishing House, 1910.11.
John Doe, the 11th Encyclopedia Part 11 - Edition 3. 11 Publishing House, 1911.12.
John Doe, the 12th Encyclopedia Part 12 - Edition 1. 12 Publishing House, 1912.13.
John Doe, the 13th Encyclopedia Part 13 - Edition 2. 13 Publishing House, 1913.14.
John Doe, the 14th Encyclopedia Part 14 - Edition 3. 14 Publishing House, 1914.15.
John Doe, the 15th Encyclopedia Part 15 - Edition 1. 15 Publishing House, 1915.16.
John Doe, the 16th Encyclopedia Part 16 - Edition 2. 16 Publishing House, 1916.17.
John Doe, the 17th Encyclopedia Part 17 - Edition 3. 17 Publishing House, 1917.18.
John Doe, the 18th Encyclopedia Part 18 - Edition 1. 18 Publishing House, 1918.19.
John Doe, the 19th Encyclopedia Part 19 - Edition 2. 19 Publishing House, 1919.20.
John Doe, the 20th Encyclopedia Part 20 - Edition 3. 20 Publishing House, 1920.21.
John Doe, the 21th Encyclopedia Part 21 - Edition 1. 21 Publishing House, 1921.22.
John Doe, the 22th Encyclopedia Part 22 - Edition 2. 22 Publishing House, 1922.23.
John Doe, the 23th Encyclopedia Part 23 - Edition 3. 23 Publishing House, 1923.24.
John Doe, the 24th Encyclopedia Part 24 - Edition 1. 24 Publishing House, 1924.25.
John Doe, the 25th Encyclopedia Part 25 - Edition 2. 25 Publishing House, 1925.26.
John Doe, the 26th Encyclopedia Part 26 - Edition 3. 26 Publishing House, 1926.27.
John Doe, the 27th Encyclopedia Part 27 - Edition 1. 27 Publishing House, 1927.28.
John Doe, the 28th Encyclopedia Part 28 - Edition 2. 28 Publishing House, 1928.29.
John Doe, the 29th Encyclopedia Part 29 - Edition 3. 29 Publishing House, 1929.30.
John Doe, the 30th Encyclopedia Part 30 - Edition 1. 30 Publishing House, 1930.31.
John Doe, the 31th Encyclopedia Part 31 - Edition 2. 31 Publishing House, 1931.32.
John Doe, the 32th Encyclopedia Part 32 - Edition 3. 32 Publishing House, 1932.33.
John Doe, the 33th Encyclopedia Part 33 - Edition 1. 33 Publishing House, 1933.34.
John Doe, the 34th Encyclopedia Part 34 - Edition 2. 34 Publishing House, 1934.35.
John Doe, the 35th Encyclopedia Part 35 - Edition 3. 35 Publishing House, 1935.36.
John Doe, the 36th Encyclopedia Part 36 - Edition 1. 36 Publishing House, 1936.37.
John Doe, the 37th Encyclopedia Part 37 - Edition 2. 37 Publishing House, 1937.38.
John Doe, the 38th Encyclopedia Part 38 - Edition 3. 38 Publishing House, 1938.39.
John Doe, the 39th Encyclopedia Part 39 - Edition 1. 39 Publishing House, 1939.40.
John Doe, the 40th Encyclopedia Part 40 - Edition 2. 40 Publishing House, 1940.41.
John Doe, the 41th Encyclopedia Part 41 - Edition 3. 41 Publishing House, 1941.42.
John Doe, the 42th Encyclopedia Part 42 - Edition 1. 42 Publishing House, 1942.43.
John Doe, the 43th Encyclopedia Part 43 - Edition 2. 43 Publishing House, 1943.44.
John Doe, the 44th Encyclopedia Part 44 - Edition 3. 44 Publishing House, 1944.45.
John Doe, the 45th Encyclopedia Part 45 - Edition 1. 45 Publishing House, 1945.46.
John Doe, the 46th Encyclopedia Part 46 - Edition 2. 46 Publishing House, 1946.47.
John Doe, the 47th Encyclopedia Part 47 - Edition 3. 47 Publishing House, 1947.48.
John Doe, the 48th Encyclopedia Part 48 - Edition 1. 48 Publishing House, 1948.49.
John Doe, the 49th Encyclopedia Part 49 - Edition 2. 49 Publishing House, 1949.50.
John Doe, the 50th Encyclopedia Part 50 - Edition 3. 50 Publishing House, 1950.51.
John Doe, the 51th Encyclopedia Part 51 - Edition 1. 51 Publishing House, 1951.52.
John Doe, the 52th Encyclopedia Part 52 - Edition 2. 52 Publishing House, 1952.53.
John Doe, the 53th Encyclopedia Part 53 - Edition 3. 53 Publishing House, 1953.54.
John Doe, the 54th Encyclopedia Part 54 - Edition 1. 54 Publishing House, 1954.55.
John Doe, the 55th Encyclopedia Part 55 - Edition 2. 55 Publishing House, 1955.56.
John Doe, the 56th Encyclopedia Part 56 - Edition 3. 56 Publishing House, 1956.57.
John Doe, the 57th Encyclopedia Part 57 - Edition 1. 57 Publishing House, 1957.58.
John Doe, the 58th Encyclopedia Part 58 - Edition 2. 58 Publishing House, 1958.59.
John Doe, the 59th Encyclopedia Part 59 - Edition 3. 59 Publishing House, 1959.60.
John Doe, the 60th Encyclopedia Part 60 - Edition 1. 60 Publishing House, 1960.61.
John Doe, the 61th Encyclopedia Part 61 - Edition 2. 61 Publishing House, 1961.62.
John Doe, the 62th Encyclopedia Part 62 - Edition 3. 62 Publishing House, 1962.63.
John Doe, the 63th Encyclopedia Part 63 - Edition 1. 63 Publishing House, 1963.64.
John Doe, the 64th Encyclopedia Part 64 - Edition 2. 64 Publishing House, 1964.65.
John Doe, the 65th Encyclopedia Part 65 - Edition 3. 65 Publishing House, 1965.66.
John Doe, the 66th Encyclopedia Part 66 - Edition 1. 66 Publishing House, 1966.67.
John Doe, the 67th Encyclopedia Part 67 - Edition 2. 67 Publishing House, 1967.68.
John Doe, the 68th Encyclopedia Part 68 - Edition 3. 68 Publishing House, 1968.69.
John Doe, the 69th Encyclopedia Part 69 - Edition 1. 69 Publishing House, 1969.70.
John Doe, the 70th Encyclopedia Part 70 - Edition 2. 70 Publishing House, 1970.71.
John Doe, the 71th Encyclopedia Part 71 - Edition 3. 71 Publishing House, 1971.72.
John Doe, the 72th Encyclopedia Part 72 - Edition 1. 72 Publishing House, 1972.73.
John Doe, the 73th Encyclopedia Part 73 - Edition 2. 73 Publishing House, 1973.74.
John Doe, the 74th Encyclopedia Part 74 - Edition 3. 74 Publishing House, 1974.75.
John Doe, the 75th Encyclopedia Part 75 - Edition 1. 75 Publishing House, 1975.76.
John Doe, the 76th Encyclopedia Part 76 - Edition 2. 76 Publishing House, 1976.77.
John Doe, the 77th Encyclopedia Part 77 - Edition 3. 77 Publishing House, 1977.78.
John Doe, the 78th Encyclopedia Part 78 - Edition 1. 78 Publishing House, 1978.79.
John Doe, the 79th Encyclopedia Part 79 - Edition 2. 79 Publishing House, 1979.80.
John Doe, the 80th Encyclopedia Part 80 - Edition 3. 80 Publishing House, 1980.81.
John Doe, the 81th Encyclopedia Part 81 - Edition 1. 81 Publishing House, 1981.82.
John Doe, the 82th Encyclopedia Part 82 - Edition 2. 82 Publishing House, 1982.83.
John Doe, the 83th Encyclopedia Part 83 - Edition 3. 83 Publishing House, 1983.84.
John Doe, the 84th Encyclopedia Part 84 - Edition 1. 84 Publishing House, 1984.85.
John Doe, the 85th Encyclopedia Part 85 - Edition 2. 85 Publishing House, 1985.86.
John Doe, the 86th Encyclopedia Part 86 - Edition 3. 86 Publishing House, 1986.87.
John Doe, the 87th Encyclopedia Part 87 - Edition 1. 87 Publishing House, 1987.88.
John Doe, the 88th Encyclopedia Part 88 - Edition 2. 88 Publishing House, 1988.89.
John Doe, the 89th Encyclopedia Part 89 - Edition 3. 89 Publishing House, 1989.90.
John Doe, the 90th Encyclopedia Part 90 - Edition 1. 90 Publishing House, 1990.91.
John Doe, the 91th Encyclopedia Part 91 - Edition 2. 91 Publishing House, 1991.92.
John Doe, the 92th Encyclopedia Part 92 - Edition 3. 92 Publishing House, 1992.93.
John Doe, the 93th Encyclopedia Part 93 - Edition 1. 93 Publishing House, 1993.94.
John Doe, the 94th Encyclopedia Part 94 - Edition 2. 94 Publishing House, 1994.95.
John Doe, the 95th Encyclopedia Part 95 - Edition 3. 95 Publishing House, 1995.96.
John Doe, the 96th Encyclopedia Part 96 - Edition 1. 96 Publishing House, 1996.97.
John Doe, the 97th Encyclopedia Part 97 - Edition 2. 97 Publishing House, 1997.98.
John Doe, the 98th Encyclopedia Part 98 - Edition 3. 98 Publishing House, 1998.99.
John Doe, the 99th Encyclopedia Part 99 - Edition 1. 99 Publishing House, 1999.100.
John Doe, the 100th Encyclopedia Part 100 - Edition 2. 100 Publishing House, 2000.101.
John Doe, the 101th Encyclopedia Part 101 - Edition 3. 101 Publishing House, 2001.102.
John Doe, the 102th Encyclopedia Part 102 - Edition 1. 102 Publishing House, 2002.103.
John Doe, the 103th Encyclopedia Part 103 - Edition 2. 103 Publishing House, 2003.104.
John Doe, the 104th Encyclopedia Part 104 - Edition 3. 104 Publishing House, 2004.105.
John Doe, the 105th Encyclopedia Part 105 - Edition 1. 105 Publishing House, 2005.106.
John Doe, the 106th Encyclopedia Part 106 - Edition 2. 106 Publishing House, 2006.107.
John Doe, the 107th Encyclopedia Part 107 - Edition 3. 107 Publishing House, 2007.108.
John Doe, the 108th Encyclopedia Part 108 - Edition 1. 108 Publishing House, 2008.109.
John Doe, the 109th Encyclopedia Part 109 - Edition 2. 109 Publishing House, 2009.110.
John Doe, the 110th Encyclopedia Part 110 - Edition 3. 110 Publishing House, 2010.111.
John Doe, the 111th Encyclopedia Part 111 - Edition 1. 111 Publishing House, 2011.112.
John Doe, the 112th Encyclopedia Part 112 - Edition 2. 112 Publishing House, 2012.113.
John Doe, the 113th Encyclopedia Part 113 - Edition 3. 113 Publishing House, 2013.114.
John Doe, the 114th Encyclopedia Part 114 - Edition 1. 114 Publishing House, 2014.115.
John Doe, the 115th Encyclopedia Part 115 - Edition 2. 115 Publishing House, 2015.116.
John Doe, the 116th Encyclopedia Part 116 - Edition 3. 116 Publishing House, 2016.117.
John Doe, the 117th Encyclopedia Part 117 - Edition 1. 117 Publishing House, 2017.118.
John Doe, the 118th Encyclopedia Part 118 - Edition 2. 118 Publishing House, 2018.119.
John Doe, the 119th Encyclopedia Part 119 - Edition 3. 119 Publishing House, 2019.120.
John Doe, the 120th Encyclopedia Part 120 - Edition 1. 120 Publishing House, 1900.121.
John Doe, the 121th Encyclopedia Part 121 - Edition 2. 121 Publishing House, 1901.122.
John Doe, the 122th Encyclopedia Part 122 - Edition 3. 122 Publishing House, 1902.123.
John Doe, the 123th Encyclopedia Part 123 - Edition 1. 123 Publishing House, 1903.124.
John Doe, the 124th Encyclopedia Part 124 - Edition 2. 124 Publishing House, 1904.125.
John Doe, the 125th Encyclopedia Part 125 - Edition 3. 125 Publishing House, 1905.126.
John Doe, the 126th Encyclopedia Part 126 - Edition 1. 126 Publishing House, 1906.127.
John Doe, the 127th Encyclopedia Part 127 - Edition 2. 127 Publishing House, 1907.128.
John Doe, the 128th Encyclopedia Part 128 - Edition 3. 128 Publishing House, 1908.129.
John Doe, the 129th Encyclopedia Part 129 - Edition 1. 129 Publishing House, 1909.130.
John Doe, the 130th Encyclopedia Part 130 - Edition 2. 130 Publishing House, 1910.131.
John Doe, the 131th Encyclopedia Part 131 - Edition 3. 131 Publishing House, 1911.132.
John Doe, the 132th Encyclopedia Part 132 - Edition 1. 132 Publishing House, 1912.133.
John Doe, the 133th Encyclopedia Part 133 - Edition 2. 133 Publishing House, 1913.134.
John Doe, the 134th Encyclopedia Part 134 - Edition 3. 134 Publishing House, 1914.135.
John Doe, the 135th Encyclopedia Part 135 - Edition 1. 135 Publishing House, 1915.136.
John Doe, the 136th Encyclopedia Part 136 - Edition 2. 136 Publishing House, 1916.137.
John Doe, the 137th Encyclopedia Part 137 - Edition 3. 137 Publishing House, 1917.138.
John Doe, the 138th Encyclopedia Part 138 - Edition 1. 138 Publishing House, 1918.139.
John Doe, the 139th Encyclopedia Part 139 - Edition 2. 139 Publishing House, 1919.140.
John Doe, the 140th Encyclopedia Part 140 - Edition 3. 140 Publishing House, 1920.141.
John Doe, the 141th Encyclopedia Part 141 - Edition 1. 141 Publishing House, 1921.142.
John Doe, the 142th Encyclopedia Part 142 - Edition 2. 142 Publishing House, 1922.143.
John Doe, the 143th Encyclopedia Part 143 - Edition 3. 143 Publishing House, 1923.144.
John Doe, the 144th Encyclopedia Part 144 - Edition 1. 144 Publishing House, 1924.145.
John Doe, the 145th Encyclopedia Part 145 - Edition 2. 145 Publishing House, 1925.146.
John Doe, the 146th Encyclopedia Part 146 - Edition 3. 146 Publishing House, 1926.147.
John Doe, the 147th Encyclopedia Part 147 - Edition 1. 147 Publishing House, 1927.148.
John Doe, the 148th Encyclopedia Part 148 - Edition 2. 148 Publishing House, 1928.149.
John Doe, the 149th Encyclopedia Part 149 - Edition 3. 149 Publishing House, 1929.150.
John Doe, the 150th Encyclopedia Part 150 - Edition 1. 150 Publishing House, 1930.