👋 Hi, log in to save a document!
Log in Sign up
Valletta
Valletta
City
Official languagesMaltese & English
Area1 km²
Population5827
City flowerNA
Time zoneUTC+1:00(CET) / Summer: UTC+2:00(CEST)
Sovereign stateRepublic of Malta

Valletta

Valletta (/vəˈlɛtə/, Maltese: il-Belt Valletta) is the capital city of Malta. Located in the South Eastern Region of the main island, between Marsamxett Harbour to the west and the Grand Harbour to the east, its population in 2014 was 6,444,[4] while the metropolitan area around it has a population of 393,938.[2] Valletta is second only to Nicosia as the southernmost capital of Europe,[5] and at just 0.61 square kilometres (61 ha), it is the European Union's smallest capital city.[6][7]
Valletta's 16th-century buildings were constructed by the Knights Hospitaller. The city was named after Jean Parisot de Valette, who succeeded in defending the island from an Ottoman invasion during the Great Siege of Malta. The city is Baroque in character, with elements of Mannerist, Neo-Classical and Modern architecture, though the Second World War left major scars on the city, particularly the destruction of the Royal Opera House. The city was officially recognised as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1980.[8]
The city is noted for its fortifications, consisting of bastions, curtains and cavaliers, along with the beauty of its Baroque palaces, gardens and churches.

History

The peninsula was previously called Xagħret Mewwija (Mu' awiya – Meuia; named during the Arab period[9])[10][11] or Ħal Newwija.[12] Mewwija refers to a sheltered place.[13] The extreme end of the peninsula was known as Xebb ir-Ras (Sheb point), of which name origins from the lighthouse on site.[14][15] A family which surely owned land became known as Sceberras, now a Maltese surname as Sciberras.[16] At one point the entire peninsula became known as Sceberras.

Order of Saint John

The building of a city on the Sciberras Peninsula had been proposed by the Order of Saint John as early as 1524.[17] Back then, the only building on the peninsula was a small watchtower[18] dedicated to Erasmus of Formia (Saint Elmo), which had been built in 1488.[19]
In 1552, the Aragonite watchtower was demolished and the larger Fort Saint Elmo was built in its place.[20]
In the Great Siege of 1565, Fort Saint Elmo fell to the Ottomans, but the Order eventually won the siege with the help of Sicilian reinforcements. The victorious Grand Master, Jean de Valette, immediately set out to build a new fortified city on the Sciberras Peninsula to fortify the Order's position in Malta and bind the Knights to the island. The city took his name and was called La Valletta.[21]
The Grand Master asked the European kings and princes for help, receiving a lot of assistance due to the increased fame of the Order after their victory in the Great Siege. Pope Pius V sent his military architect, Francesco Laparelli, to design the new city, while Philip II of Spain sent substantial monetary aid. The foundation stone of the city was laid by Grand Master de Valette on 28 March 1566. He placed the first stone in what later became Our Lady of Victories Church.[22]
In his book Dell’Istoria della Sacra Religione et Illustrissima Militia di San Giovanni Gierosolimitano (English: The History of the Sacred Religion and Illustrious Militia of St John of Jerusalem), written between 1594 and 1602, Giacomo Bosio writes that when the cornerstone of Valletta was placed, a group of Maltese elders said: "Iegi zimen en fel wardia col sceber raba iesue uquie" (Which in modern Maltese reads, "Jiġi żmien li fil-Wardija kull xiber raba' jiswa uqija", and in English, "There will come a time when every piece of land on Sciberras Hill will be worth its weight in gold").[23]
De Valette died from a stroke on 21 August 1568 at age 74 and never saw the completion of his city. Originally interred in the church of Our Lady of the Victories, his remains now rest in St. John's Co-Cathedral among the tombs of other Grand Masters of the Knights of Malta.[22]
Francesco Laparelli was the city's principal designer and his plan departed from medieval Maltese architecture, which exhibited irregular winding streets and alleys. He designed the new city on a rectangular grid plan, and without any collacchio (an area restricted for important buildings). The streets were designed to be wide and straight, beginning centrally from the City Gate and ending at Fort Saint Elmo (which was rebuilt) overlooking the Mediterranean; certain bastions were built 47 metres (154 ft) high. His assistant was the Maltese architect Girolamo Cassar, who later oversaw the construction of the city himself after Laparelli's death in 1570.[22]
The Ufficio delle Case regulated the building of the city as a planning authority.[24]
The city of Valletta was mostly completed by the early 1570s, and it became the capital on 18 March 1571 when Grand Master Pierre de Monte moved from his seat at Fort St Angelo in Birgu to the Grandmaster's Palace in Valletta.
Seven Auberges were built for the Order's Langues, and these were complete by the 1580s.[25][26] An eighth Auberge, Auberge de Bavière, was later added in the 18th century.[27]
In Antoine de Paule's reign, it was decided to build more fortifications to protect Valletta, and these were named the Floriana Lines after the architect who designed them, Pietro Paolo Floriani of Macerata.[28] During António Manoel de Vilhena's reign, a town began to form between the walls of Valletta and the Floriana Lines, and this evolved from a suburb of Valletta to Floriana, a town in its own right.[29]
In 1634, a gunpowder factory explosion killed 22 people in Valletta.[30] In 1749, Muslim slaves plotted to kill Grandmaster Pinto and take over Valletta, but the revolt was suppressed before it even started due to their plans leaking out to the Order.[31] Later on in his reign, Pinto embellished the city with Baroque architecture, and many important buildings such as Auberge de Castille were remodeled or completely rebuilt in the new architectural style.[32]
In 1775, during the reign of Ximenes, an unsuccessful revolt known as the Rising of the Priests occurred in which Fort Saint Elmo and Saint James Cavalier were captured by rebels, but the revolt was eventually suppressed.[33]

French occupation and British rule

In 1798, the French invaded the island and expelled the Order.[34] After the Maltese rebelled, French troops continued to occupy Valletta and the surrounding harbour area, until they capitulated to the British in September 1800. In the early 19th century, the British Civil Commissioner, Henry Pigot, agreed to demolish the majority of the city's fortifications.[35] The demolition was again proposed in the 1870s and 1880s, but it was never carried out and the fortifications have survived largely intact.[17]
Eventually building projects in Valletta resumed under British rule. These projects included widening gates, demolishing and rebuilding structures, widening newer houses over the years, and installing civic projects. The Malta Railway, which linked Valletta to Mdina, was officially opened in 1883.[36] It was closed down in 1931 after buses became a popular means of transport.
In 1939, Valletta was abandoned as the headquarters of the Royal Navy Mediterranean Fleet due to its proximity to Italy and the city became a flash point during the subsequent two-year long Siege of Malta.[37] German and Italian air raids throughout the Second World War caused much destruction in Valletta and the rest of the harbor area. The Royal Opera House, constructed at the city entrance in the 19th century, was one of the buildings lost to the raids.[20]

Contemporary

In 1980, the 24th Chess Olympiad took place in Valletta.[38]
The entire city of Valletta has been a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1980, along with Megalithic Temples of Malta and the Hypogeum of Ħal-Saflieni.[8][39] On 11 November 2015 Valletta hosted the Valletta Summit on Migration in which European and African leaders discussed the European migrant crisis.[40] After that, on 27 November 2015 the city also hosted part of the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting 2015.[41]
Valletta was the European Capital of Culture in 2018.[42]

Government

Local government

The Valletta Local Council was established by the Local Councils Act of 1993, along with the other local councils of Malta.[43] The first election was held on 20 November 1993. Other elections were held in 1996, 1999, 2002, 2005, 2008, 2013,[44] 2017.[45] The present local council was elected in 2019.[46] The local council is housed in a building in South Street.
The following people have served as Mayors of Valletta:[47]
  • Hector Bruno (1993–1999) (PN)
  • Paul Borg Olivier (1999–2008) (PN)
  • Alexei Dingli (2008–2019) (PN) [48]
  • Christian Micallef (2019) (PN) [49]
  • Alfred Zammit (2019–) (PL) [50]

National government

Valletta is the capital city of Malta,[51] and is the country's administrative and commercial hub.[52] The Parliament of Malta has been housed at the Parliament House near the city's entrance since 2015: it was previously housed at the Grandmaster's Palace in the city centre.[53] The latter palace still houses the Office of the President of Malta,[54] while the Auberge de Castille houses the Office of the Prime Minister of Malta. The courthouse and many government departments are also located in Valletta.[55]

Geography

The Valletta peninsula has two natural harbours, Marsamxett and the Grand Harbour.[39] The Grand Harbour is Malta's major port, with unloading quays at nearby Marsa. A cruise-liner terminal is located along the old seawall of the Valletta Waterfront that Portuguese Grandmaster Manuel Pinto da Fonseca built.[56]

Climate

Valletta features a hot-summer mediterranean climate (Csa) with hot, slightly long, dry summers and mild, wet winters, with an average annual temperature above 19 °C (66 °F). Valletta experiences a lack of precipitation during the summer months and most of the precipitation happens during the winter months. Winter temperatures are moderated by the surrounding sea, as a result, the city has very mild winters. The official climate recording station in Malta is at Luqa Airport, which is a few miles inland from Valletta. Average high temperatures range from around 16 °C (61 °F) in January to about 32 °C (90 °F) in August, while average low temperatures range from around 10 °C (50 °F) in January to 23 °C (73 °F) in August.

Cityscape

The architecture of Valletta's streets and piazzas ranges from mid-16th century Baroque to Modernism. The city is the island's principal cultural center and has a unique collection of churches, palaces and museums and act as one of the city's main visitor attractions. When Benjamin Disraeli, future British Prime Minister, visited the city in 1830, he described it as "a city of palaces built by gentlemen for gentlemen," and remarked that "Valletta equals in its noble architecture, if it does not excel, any capital in Europe," and in other letters called it "comparable to Venice and Cádiz" and "full of palaces worthy of Palladio."[61][62]
Buildings of historic importance include St John's Co-Cathedral, formerly the Conventual Church of the Knights of Malta. It has the only signed work and largest painting by Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio.[63] The Auberge de Castille et Leon, formerly the official seat of the Knights of Malta of the Langue of Castille, Léon and Portugal, is now the office of the Prime Minister of Malta.[55] The Grandmaster's Palace, built between 1571 and 1574 and formerly the seat of the Grand Master of the Knights of Malta, used to house the Maltese Parliament, now situated in a purpose-built structure at the entrance to the city, and now houses the offices of the President of Malta.[64]
The National Museum of Fine Arts is a Rococo palace dating back to the late 1570s, which served as the official residence of the Commander-in-Chief of the Mediterranean Fleet during the British era from the 1820s onwards. The Manoel Theatre (Maltese: Teatru Manoel) was constructed in just ten months in 1731, by order of Grand Master António Manoel de Vilhena, and is one of the oldest working theatres in Europe. The Mediterranean Conference Centre was formerly the Sacra Infermeria. Built in 1574, it was one of Europe's most renowned hospitals during the Renaissance. The fortifications of the port, built by the Knights as a magnificent series of bastions, demi-bastions, cavaliers and curtains, approximately 100 metres (330 ft) high, all contribute to the unique architectural quality of the city.

Neighbourhoods

Valletta contains a number of unofficial neighbourhoods, including:[65]
  • Strada Rjali – the main thoroughfare, Triq ir-Repubblika
  • l-Arċipierku – an area close to the Sacra Infermeria. Its name possibly derives from archipelago since it contains a number of lanes which break up the area into many "islands" of houses, or from archi-borgo since the area is located just outside Fort Saint Elmo.[66]
  • il-Baviera – an area around the English Curtain, bounded by Old Bakery, Archbishop, Marsamxett and St. Sebastian Streets. It is named after Auberge de Bavière.[66]
  • il-Biċċerija – an area close to il-Baviera, named after the slaughterhouse which was formerly located there.[66]
  • il-Kamrata – an area close to the Sacra Infermeria. It is named after the Camerata, a spiritual retreat which was demolished in the 19th century and replaced by social housing.[66]
  • Deux Balles (Maltese: Duwi Balli) – an area close to il-Baviera. The name probably originates from the French occupation.[66]
  • il-Fossa – an area close to the Jews' Sally Port and Fort Saint Elmo. It is regarded as the worst maintained area of Valletta.[67]
  • Manderaggio (Maltese: il-Mandraġġ) – an area behind Manderaggio Curtain, bounded by St. Mark, St. Lucia, St. Patrick and Marsamxett Streets. This was meant to be a small harbour (mandracchio) but it was never completed, and a slum area developed instead. The slums were demolished in the 1950s and were rebuilt as housing estates.[66]

Education

The Valletta Campus of the University of Malta is situated in the Old University Building. It serves as an extension of the Msida Campus, especially offering international masters programmes.[68]
A church school, "St. Albert the Great", is also situated in Valletta. The Headmaster is Alternattiva Demokratika politician Mario Mallia.[69][70]

Culture

Valletta has been designated European Capital of Culture for 2018.[71] The year was inaugurated with an event called Erba' Pjazez (Four Squares), with shows focused in 4 plazas in the city – Triton Square, St. George's Square, St. John's Square, and Castille Square – along with other shows in other points.[72] This was followed by the unveiling of a public art installation, Kif Jgħid il-Malti (Maltese Sayings), which featured a number of Maltese language proverb figured in gypsum, in order to engage linguistic heritage.[73][74]

Saint James Cavalier

Saint James Cavalier, originally a raised gun platform, was converted into a Centre of Creativity in the year 2000 as part of Malta's Millennium Project. It now houses a small theatre, a cinema, music rooms and art galleries. Various exhibitions are regularly held there. It has welcomed over a million visitors since opening.[75]

Music

The Valletta International Baroque Festival is held every year in January. Jazz music in Malta was introduced in the Strait Street area, frequented by Allied sailors during both World Wars. Malta's Jazz Festival took place here. Strait Street is also known as The Gut. This area is undergoing a programme of regeneration. The city's dual band clubs are the "King's Own Band Club" (Maltese: L-Għaqda Mużikali King's Own) and "La Valette National Philharmonic Society" (Maltese: Is-Soċjetà Filarmonika Nazzjonali La Valette).

Carnival

Valletta is the scene of the Maltese Carnival, held in February leading up to Lent.[76] In 1823 the Valletta carnival was the scene of a human crush tragedy in which at least 110 boys perished.[77]

Feasts

  • The feast of Our Lady of Mount Carmel is celebrated on 16 July
  • Saint Paul's feast is celebrated on 10 February
  • Saint Dominic's feast is celebrated in Valletta on 4 August or before
  • The feast of Saint Augustine is celebrated on the third Sunday after Easter
  • The city's residents also conduct an annual procession in honour of St. Rita

Twin towns – sister cities

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Malta Valletta is twinned with:[78]
  • Italy Palermo, Italy

Transport

Malta International Airport is 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) from the city in the town of Luqa. Malta's public transport system, which uses buses, operates mostly on routes to or from Valletta, with their central terminus just outside the city gate. Traffic within the city itself is restricted, with some principal roads being completely pedestrian areas. In 2006, a park and ride system was implemented in order to increase the availability of parking spaces in the city. People can leave their vehicles in a nearby Floriana car park and transfer to a van for the rest of the trip.
In 2007, a congestion pricing scheme was implemented to reduce long-term parking and traffic while promoting business in the city.[79][80] An ANPR-based automated system takes photos of vehicles as they enter and exit the charging zone and vehicle owners are billed according to the duration of their stay.[79]
Valletta is served by a fleet of electric taxis which transport riders from 10 points in Valletta to any destination in the city.[81]

Sports

  • Valletta F.C. Association Football team and Futsal team
  • Valletta Lions RFC Rugby Football Union team
  • Valletta's Marsamxett Harbour a "Regatta" (Rowing) Team, which takes part in the annual traditional Regatta on Victory Day (8 September).
  • Valletta United W.P.C., a Water Polo Club hailing from Marsamxett side
  • Valletta V.C., a Volleyball club.
  • Marsamxett Boċċi, a ''Boċċi'' Club from Marsamxett, Valletta.
  • Valletta St. Paul's Boċċi, a ''Boċċi'' Club from L-Arċipierku side, Valletta.

Cultural references

  • The poems Valetta, Capital of Malta. and Strada St. Ursola.—Malta. by Letitia Elizabeth Landon were both published in Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1837.
  • Several chapters of Thomas Pynchon's postmodern novel V. take place in the city of Valletta.
  • Much of Nicholas Rinaldi's novel The Jukebox Queen of Malta is set in Valletta.
  • Several chapters of Patrick O'Brian's novel Treason's Harbour, the 9th in his Aubrey-Maturin series, are set in Valletta.
  • A portion of Rick Riordan's novel The House of Hades is set in Valletta; here Jason Grace, Nico di Angelo, Piper McLean, Hazel Levesque and Frank Zhang reunite with their comrade Leo Valdez after Jason pilots their ship from the palace of Notus, god of the south wind, on the North African coast on a fast trip with Notus' storm spirits bound to the prow.
  • Parts of Steven Spielberg's Academy Award nominee film Munich were shot in Valletta.[82]
  • In the popular computer strategy game, Age of Empires III, Valletta and its surrounding areas are featured as the base of the main protagonist, Morgan Black, and is the setting for the first two levels of the game.
  • Valletta is the birthplace of comic book character Corto Maltese, created by Italian artist Hugo Pratt.
  • in Civilization V and Civilization VI Valletta is an independent City-State that players compete for influence over.
  • The opening level of Splinter Cell: Conviction is set in Valletta.

References

1. John Doe, the 1th Encyclopedia Part 1 - Edition 2. 1 Publishing House, 1901.
2. John Doe, the 2th Encyclopedia Part 2 - Edition 3. 2 Publishing House, 1902.
3. John Doe, the 3th Encyclopedia Part 3 - Edition 1. 3 Publishing House, 1903.
4. John Doe, the 4th Encyclopedia Part 4 - Edition 2. 4 Publishing House, 1904.
5. John Doe, the 5th Encyclopedia Part 5 - Edition 3. 5 Publishing House, 1905.
6. John Doe, the 6th Encyclopedia Part 6 - Edition 1. 6 Publishing House, 1906.
7. John Doe, the 7th Encyclopedia Part 7 - Edition 2. 7 Publishing House, 1907.
8. John Doe, the 8th Encyclopedia Part 8 - Edition 3. 8 Publishing House, 1908.
9. John Doe, the 9th Encyclopedia Part 9 - Edition 1. 9 Publishing House, 1909.
10. John Doe, the 10th Encyclopedia Part 10 - Edition 2. 10 Publishing House, 1910.
11. John Doe, the 11th Encyclopedia Part 11 - Edition 3. 11 Publishing House, 1911.
12. John Doe, the 12th Encyclopedia Part 12 - Edition 1. 12 Publishing House, 1912.
13. John Doe, the 13th Encyclopedia Part 13 - Edition 2. 13 Publishing House, 1913.
14. John Doe, the 14th Encyclopedia Part 14 - Edition 3. 14 Publishing House, 1914.
15. John Doe, the 15th Encyclopedia Part 15 - Edition 1. 15 Publishing House, 1915.
16. John Doe, the 16th Encyclopedia Part 16 - Edition 2. 16 Publishing House, 1916.
17. John Doe, the 17th Encyclopedia Part 17 - Edition 3. 17 Publishing House, 1917.
18. John Doe, the 18th Encyclopedia Part 18 - Edition 1. 18 Publishing House, 1918.
19. John Doe, the 19th Encyclopedia Part 19 - Edition 2. 19 Publishing House, 1919.
20. John Doe, the 20th Encyclopedia Part 20 - Edition 3. 20 Publishing House, 1920.
21. John Doe, the 21th Encyclopedia Part 21 - Edition 1. 21 Publishing House, 1921.
22. John Doe, the 22th Encyclopedia Part 22 - Edition 2. 22 Publishing House, 1922.
23. John Doe, the 23th Encyclopedia Part 23 - Edition 3. 23 Publishing House, 1923.
24. John Doe, the 24th Encyclopedia Part 24 - Edition 1. 24 Publishing House, 1924.
25. John Doe, the 25th Encyclopedia Part 25 - Edition 2. 25 Publishing House, 1925.
26. John Doe, the 26th Encyclopedia Part 26 - Edition 3. 26 Publishing House, 1926.
27. John Doe, the 27th Encyclopedia Part 27 - Edition 1. 27 Publishing House, 1927.
28. John Doe, the 28th Encyclopedia Part 28 - Edition 2. 28 Publishing House, 1928.
29. John Doe, the 29th Encyclopedia Part 29 - Edition 3. 29 Publishing House, 1929.
30. John Doe, the 30th Encyclopedia Part 30 - Edition 1. 30 Publishing House, 1930.
31. John Doe, the 31th Encyclopedia Part 31 - Edition 2. 31 Publishing House, 1931.
32. John Doe, the 32th Encyclopedia Part 32 - Edition 3. 32 Publishing House, 1932.
33. John Doe, the 33th Encyclopedia Part 33 - Edition 1. 33 Publishing House, 1933.
34. John Doe, the 34th Encyclopedia Part 34 - Edition 2. 34 Publishing House, 1934.
35. John Doe, the 35th Encyclopedia Part 35 - Edition 3. 35 Publishing House, 1935.
36. John Doe, the 36th Encyclopedia Part 36 - Edition 1. 36 Publishing House, 1936.
37. John Doe, the 37th Encyclopedia Part 37 - Edition 2. 37 Publishing House, 1937.
38. John Doe, the 38th Encyclopedia Part 38 - Edition 3. 38 Publishing House, 1938.
39. John Doe, the 39th Encyclopedia Part 39 - Edition 1. 39 Publishing House, 1939.
40. John Doe, the 40th Encyclopedia Part 40 - Edition 2. 40 Publishing House, 1940.
41. John Doe, the 41th Encyclopedia Part 41 - Edition 3. 41 Publishing House, 1941.
42. John Doe, the 42th Encyclopedia Part 42 - Edition 1. 42 Publishing House, 1942.
43. John Doe, the 43th Encyclopedia Part 43 - Edition 2. 43 Publishing House, 1943.
44. John Doe, the 44th Encyclopedia Part 44 - Edition 3. 44 Publishing House, 1944.
45. John Doe, the 45th Encyclopedia Part 45 - Edition 1. 45 Publishing House, 1945.
46. John Doe, the 46th Encyclopedia Part 46 - Edition 2. 46 Publishing House, 1946.
47. John Doe, the 47th Encyclopedia Part 47 - Edition 3. 47 Publishing House, 1947.
48. John Doe, the 48th Encyclopedia Part 48 - Edition 1. 48 Publishing House, 1948.
49. John Doe, the 49th Encyclopedia Part 49 - Edition 2. 49 Publishing House, 1949.
50. John Doe, the 50th Encyclopedia Part 50 - Edition 3. 50 Publishing House, 1950.
51. John Doe, the 51th Encyclopedia Part 51 - Edition 1. 51 Publishing House, 1951.
52. John Doe, the 52th Encyclopedia Part 52 - Edition 2. 52 Publishing House, 1952.
53. John Doe, the 53th Encyclopedia Part 53 - Edition 3. 53 Publishing House, 1953.
54. John Doe, the 54th Encyclopedia Part 54 - Edition 1. 54 Publishing House, 1954.
55. John Doe, the 55th Encyclopedia Part 55 - Edition 2. 55 Publishing House, 1955.
56. John Doe, the 56th Encyclopedia Part 56 - Edition 3. 56 Publishing House, 1956.
57. John Doe, the 57th Encyclopedia Part 57 - Edition 1. 57 Publishing House, 1957.
58. John Doe, the 58th Encyclopedia Part 58 - Edition 2. 58 Publishing House, 1958.
59. John Doe, the 59th Encyclopedia Part 59 - Edition 3. 59 Publishing House, 1959.
60. John Doe, the 60th Encyclopedia Part 60 - Edition 1. 60 Publishing House, 1960.
61. John Doe, the 61th Encyclopedia Part 61 - Edition 2. 61 Publishing House, 1961.
62. John Doe, the 62th Encyclopedia Part 62 - Edition 3. 62 Publishing House, 1962.
63. John Doe, the 63th Encyclopedia Part 63 - Edition 1. 63 Publishing House, 1963.
64. John Doe, the 64th Encyclopedia Part 64 - Edition 2. 64 Publishing House, 1964.
65. John Doe, the 65th Encyclopedia Part 65 - Edition 3. 65 Publishing House, 1965.
66. John Doe, the 66th Encyclopedia Part 66 - Edition 1. 66 Publishing House, 1966.
67. John Doe, the 67th Encyclopedia Part 67 - Edition 2. 67 Publishing House, 1967.
68. John Doe, the 68th Encyclopedia Part 68 - Edition 3. 68 Publishing House, 1968.
69. John Doe, the 69th Encyclopedia Part 69 - Edition 1. 69 Publishing House, 1969.
70. John Doe, the 70th Encyclopedia Part 70 - Edition 2. 70 Publishing House, 1970.
71. John Doe, the 71th Encyclopedia Part 71 - Edition 3. 71 Publishing House, 1971.
72. John Doe, the 72th Encyclopedia Part 72 - Edition 1. 72 Publishing House, 1972.
73. John Doe, the 73th Encyclopedia Part 73 - Edition 2. 73 Publishing House, 1973.
74. John Doe, the 74th Encyclopedia Part 74 - Edition 3. 74 Publishing House, 1974.
75. John Doe, the 75th Encyclopedia Part 75 - Edition 1. 75 Publishing House, 1975.
76. John Doe, the 76th Encyclopedia Part 76 - Edition 2. 76 Publishing House, 1976.
77. John Doe, the 77th Encyclopedia Part 77 - Edition 3. 77 Publishing House, 1977.
78. John Doe, the 78th Encyclopedia Part 78 - Edition 1. 78 Publishing House, 1978.
79. John Doe, the 79th Encyclopedia Part 79 - Edition 2. 79 Publishing House, 1979.
80. John Doe, the 80th Encyclopedia Part 80 - Edition 3. 80 Publishing House, 1980.
81. John Doe, the 81th Encyclopedia Part 81 - Edition 1. 81 Publishing House, 1981.
82. John Doe, the 82th Encyclopedia Part 82 - Edition 2. 82 Publishing House, 1982.
83. John Doe, the 83th Encyclopedia Part 83 - Edition 3. 83 Publishing House, 1983.
84. John Doe, the 84th Encyclopedia Part 84 - Edition 1. 84 Publishing House, 1984.
85. John Doe, the 85th Encyclopedia Part 85 - Edition 2. 85 Publishing House, 1985.
86. John Doe, the 86th Encyclopedia Part 86 - Edition 3. 86 Publishing House, 1986.
87. John Doe, the 87th Encyclopedia Part 87 - Edition 1. 87 Publishing House, 1987.
88. John Doe, the 88th Encyclopedia Part 88 - Edition 2. 88 Publishing House, 1988.
89. John Doe, the 89th Encyclopedia Part 89 - Edition 3. 89 Publishing House, 1989.
90. John Doe, the 90th Encyclopedia Part 90 - Edition 1. 90 Publishing House, 1990.
91. John Doe, the 91th Encyclopedia Part 91 - Edition 2. 91 Publishing House, 1991.
92. John Doe, the 92th Encyclopedia Part 92 - Edition 3. 92 Publishing House, 1992.
93. John Doe, the 93th Encyclopedia Part 93 - Edition 1. 93 Publishing House, 1993.
94. John Doe, the 94th Encyclopedia Part 94 - Edition 2. 94 Publishing House, 1994.
95. John Doe, the 95th Encyclopedia Part 95 - Edition 3. 95 Publishing House, 1995.
96. John Doe, the 96th Encyclopedia Part 96 - Edition 1. 96 Publishing House, 1996.
97. John Doe, the 97th Encyclopedia Part 97 - Edition 2. 97 Publishing House, 1997.
98. John Doe, the 98th Encyclopedia Part 98 - Edition 3. 98 Publishing House, 1998.
99. John Doe, the 99th Encyclopedia Part 99 - Edition 1. 99 Publishing House, 1999.
100. John Doe, the 100th Encyclopedia Part 100 - Edition 2. 100 Publishing House, 2000.
101. John Doe, the 101th Encyclopedia Part 101 - Edition 3. 101 Publishing House, 2001.
102. John Doe, the 102th Encyclopedia Part 102 - Edition 1. 102 Publishing House, 2002.
103. John Doe, the 103th Encyclopedia Part 103 - Edition 2. 103 Publishing House, 2003.
104. John Doe, the 104th Encyclopedia Part 104 - Edition 3. 104 Publishing House, 2004.
105. John Doe, the 105th Encyclopedia Part 105 - Edition 1. 105 Publishing House, 2005.
106. John Doe, the 106th Encyclopedia Part 106 - Edition 2. 106 Publishing House, 2006.
107. John Doe, the 107th Encyclopedia Part 107 - Edition 3. 107 Publishing House, 2007.
108. John Doe, the 108th Encyclopedia Part 108 - Edition 1. 108 Publishing House, 2008.
109. John Doe, the 109th Encyclopedia Part 109 - Edition 2. 109 Publishing House, 2009.
110. John Doe, the 110th Encyclopedia Part 110 - Edition 3. 110 Publishing House, 2010.
111. John Doe, the 111th Encyclopedia Part 111 - Edition 1. 111 Publishing House, 2011.
112. John Doe, the 112th Encyclopedia Part 112 - Edition 2. 112 Publishing House, 2012.
113. John Doe, the 113th Encyclopedia Part 113 - Edition 3. 113 Publishing House, 2013.
114. John Doe, the 114th Encyclopedia Part 114 - Edition 1. 114 Publishing House, 2014.
115. John Doe, the 115th Encyclopedia Part 115 - Edition 2. 115 Publishing House, 2015.
116. John Doe, the 116th Encyclopedia Part 116 - Edition 3. 116 Publishing House, 2016.
117. John Doe, the 117th Encyclopedia Part 117 - Edition 1. 117 Publishing House, 2017.
118. John Doe, the 118th Encyclopedia Part 118 - Edition 2. 118 Publishing House, 2018.
119. John Doe, the 119th Encyclopedia Part 119 - Edition 3. 119 Publishing House, 2019.
120. John Doe, the 120th Encyclopedia Part 120 - Edition 1. 120 Publishing House, 1900.
121. John Doe, the 121th Encyclopedia Part 121 - Edition 2. 121 Publishing House, 1901.
122. John Doe, the 122th Encyclopedia Part 122 - Edition 3. 122 Publishing House, 1902.
123. John Doe, the 123th Encyclopedia Part 123 - Edition 1. 123 Publishing House, 1903.
124. John Doe, the 124th Encyclopedia Part 124 - Edition 2. 124 Publishing House, 1904.
125. John Doe, the 125th Encyclopedia Part 125 - Edition 3. 125 Publishing House, 1905.
126. John Doe, the 126th Encyclopedia Part 126 - Edition 1. 126 Publishing House, 1906.
127. John Doe, the 127th Encyclopedia Part 127 - Edition 2. 127 Publishing House, 1907.
128. John Doe, the 128th Encyclopedia Part 128 - Edition 3. 128 Publishing House, 1908.
129. John Doe, the 129th Encyclopedia Part 129 - Edition 1. 129 Publishing House, 1909.
130. John Doe, the 130th Encyclopedia Part 130 - Edition 2. 130 Publishing House, 1910.
131. John Doe, the 131th Encyclopedia Part 131 - Edition 3. 131 Publishing House, 1911.
132. John Doe, the 132th Encyclopedia Part 132 - Edition 1. 132 Publishing House, 1912.
133. John Doe, the 133th Encyclopedia Part 133 - Edition 2. 133 Publishing House, 1913.
134. John Doe, the 134th Encyclopedia Part 134 - Edition 3. 134 Publishing House, 1914.
135. John Doe, the 135th Encyclopedia Part 135 - Edition 1. 135 Publishing House, 1915.
136. John Doe, the 136th Encyclopedia Part 136 - Edition 2. 136 Publishing House, 1916.
137. John Doe, the 137th Encyclopedia Part 137 - Edition 3. 137 Publishing House, 1917.
138. John Doe, the 138th Encyclopedia Part 138 - Edition 1. 138 Publishing House, 1918.
139. John Doe, the 139th Encyclopedia Part 139 - Edition 2. 139 Publishing House, 1919.
140. John Doe, the 140th Encyclopedia Part 140 - Edition 3. 140 Publishing House, 1920.
141. John Doe, the 141th Encyclopedia Part 141 - Edition 1. 141 Publishing House, 1921.
142. John Doe, the 142th Encyclopedia Part 142 - Edition 2. 142 Publishing House, 1922.
143. John Doe, the 143th Encyclopedia Part 143 - Edition 3. 143 Publishing House, 1923.
144. John Doe, the 144th Encyclopedia Part 144 - Edition 1. 144 Publishing House, 1924.
145. John Doe, the 145th Encyclopedia Part 145 - Edition 2. 145 Publishing House, 1925.
146. John Doe, the 146th Encyclopedia Part 146 - Edition 3. 146 Publishing House, 1926.
147. John Doe, the 147th Encyclopedia Part 147 - Edition 1. 147 Publishing House, 1927.
148. John Doe, the 148th Encyclopedia Part 148 - Edition 2. 148 Publishing House, 1928.
149. John Doe, the 149th Encyclopedia Part 149 - Edition 3. 149 Publishing House, 1929.
150. John Doe, the 150th Encyclopedia Part 150 - Edition 1. 150 Publishing House, 1930.